1. School of Intellectual Property,East China University of Political Science and Law,Shanghai 201620,China; 2. Shanghai International College of Intellectual Property,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China; 3. Intellectual Property Research Institute,Xiamen University,Xiamen 361005,China
Abstract：The escalation of Sino-US strategic competition has made trade controls on defense and dual-use technologies,together with indigenous innovation,central to safeguarding national security.Despite the continued deterioration of Sino-US relations and the relative stability of China's defense expenditure as a share of GDP,the country's defense patent output efficiency has increased markedly.This study develops a theoretical framework of“security-demand-induced defense innovation”and uses provincial panel data on Sino-US relations and defense patents from 2009 to 2023 to explain and test the effect of deteriorating bilateral relations on China's defense patent output efficiency,as well as the underlying mechanism of US technology trade controls against China.The effect is more pronounced in regions that are more exposed to US foreign investment screening,have stronger national security legislation,maintain closer military-university collaboration,possess more developed technology markets,and host more civil-military integration platforms.This study enriches the literature on the innovation effects of bilateral relations and provides policy implications for balancing open cooperation with national security.
[1] Huang K G,Jia Nan,Ge Yeyanran.Forced to innovate? Consequences of United States' anti-dumping sanctions on innovations of Chinese exporters[J].Research Policy,2024,53(1):104899. [2] 谢露,刘秀梅,谭有超.“倒逼”还是抑制？国际贸易摩擦与企业创新[J].管理科学学报,2025(4):17-31. [3] 郑世林,张容嘉.产业链风险与中国企业自主创新突破[J].中国社会科学,2025(3):60-78,205. [4] Cheung T M.Innovation in China's defense technology base:foreign technology and military capabilities[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,2016,39(5-6):728-761. [5] Cheung T M.A conceptual framework of defense innovation[J].Journal of Strategic Studies,2021,44(6):775-801. [6] Schmid J.Technological emergence and military technology innovation[J].Defence and Peace Economics,2023,34(8):1091-1109. [7] 左希迎.百年变局下的大国战争风险及其管控[J].外交评论(外交学院学报),2024,41(5):55-84,6. [8] 刘鑫,李雪,陈凯华.国家科技安全:风险解构、系统韧性与实现路径[J].科学学研究,2025,43(1):14-25. [9] 秦立志.窗口预期与崛起国应对战略透支风险的启示[J].世界经济与政治,2021(11):95-133. [10] Walt S M.The origins of alliances[M].Ithaca:Cornell University Press,1987. [11] He K.Undermining adversaries:unipolarity,threat perception,and negative balancing strategies after the Cold War[J].Security Studies,2012,21(2):154-191. [12] Farrell H,Newman A L.Weaponized interdependence:how global economic networks shape state coercion[J].International Security,2019,44(1):42-79. [13] Schmookler J.Invention and economic growth[M].Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press,1966. [14] Di Stefano G,Gambardella A,Verona G.Technology push and demand pull perspectives in innovation studies:current findings and future research directions[J].Research Policy,2012,41(8):1283-1295. [15] 易先忠,潘锐,张亚斌.科技强国建设中的双重创新动力源:一个知识流创新链分析框架及其考证[J].管理世界,2026,42(5):1-26. [16] Sherwin C W,Isenson R S.Project Hindsight:a defense department study of the utility of research[J].Science,1967,156(3782):1571-1577. [17] 叶泽樱,郑馨,陶琳.新生代消费升级与共情驱动的创新[J].中国工业经济,2024(4):152-169. [18] 倪峰,傅梦孜,唐永胜,等.拜登时期中美关系前瞻[J].国际经济评论,2021(1):102-115. [19] 余典范,王佳希,张家才.出口管制对中国企业创新的影响研究:以美国对华实体清单为例[J].经济学动态,2022(2):51-67.
2026, 
